Why in News? 

India's Western Ghats have been identified as a critical hotspot for endangered freshwater species, by IUCN. The study highlights that 25% of global freshwater species are at a high risk of extinction, with the Western Ghats playing a vital role in preserving biodiversity. 

Western Ghats: Key Points 

• Overview: The Western Ghats, or Sahyadri Hills, are a biodiversity hotspot, recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The range spans across Maharashtra, Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu, and plays a key role in India's ecology. 
•  Geology: The Western Ghats are either Block Mountains or the faulted edge of the Deccan Plateau. Key rocks include Basalt, Charnockites, Granite Gneiss, and Metamorphic Gneisses. 
•  Geographical Extent: Stretching 1,600 km from the Satpura Range to Kanyakumari, covering 140,000 km², the Ghats run 30-50 km inland from the Arabian Sea. 
•  Mountain Ranges: The Nilgiri Range connects with the Shevaroys and Tirumala ranges. Anamudi Peak is the highest point. 
•  Rivers 
  • West-flowing rivers like Periyar, Bharathappuzha, and Sharavathi are fast-moving and suited for hydroelectric power. 
  • East-flowing rivers such as the Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri are slower-moving and merge with larger rivers. 
•  Climate and Vegetation: The Ghats have tropical evergreen forests on the western slopes and deciduous forests on the eastern slopes, with a significant influence on the Indian monsoon. 
•  Wildlife: The region is home to endemic species like the Nilgiri Tahr and Lion-tailed Macaque, along with 325 globally threatened species. 
•  Protected Areas: Includes 2 Biosphere Reserves, 13 National Parks, and several sanctuaries, with Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve being the largest protected area. 
•  Significance: The Western Ghats are essential for biodiversity conservation, water resources, and maintaining ecological balance across the region.