What is Vedic Literature? 

Vedic literature refers to texts derived from the Vedas, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism. It includes: 

• Samhitas (Hymns and prayers – Rig, Sama, Yajur, Atharva Veda) 
• Brahmanas (Rituals and ceremonies) 
• Aranyakas (Forest texts – transition from rituals to philosophy) 
• Upanishads (Philosophical and spiritual knowledge) 

Key Features 

• Considered divine – Hindus regard the Vedas as Aparusheya (not man-made) and Nitya (eternal). 
• Oral tradition – Passed down for generations through memorization, hence called Shruti (that which is heard). 
• Divided into three periods – Samhita, Brahmana, and Upanishadic phases. 

Types of Vedic Texts 

• Samhitas (Vedas) – Hymns dedicated to deities 
  • Rig Veda: Oldest, contains 1,028 hymns, insight into early Indian society. 
  • Sama Veda: "Book of Chants," basis of Indian music. 
  • Yajur Veda: "Book of Sacrificial Prayers," divided into White and Black Yajurveda. 
  • Atharva Veda: Includes magic spells, healing traditions. 
• Brahmanas – Explain Vedic rituals, linked to each Veda (e.g., Aitareya Brahmana for Rigveda). 
• Aranyakas – Bridge between rituals and philosophy, studied by hermits in forests. 
• Upanishads – Philosophical texts exploring Atman (self) and Brahman (universal truth). Example: Chandogya (Samaveda), Mundaka (Atharvaveda). 

Additional Texts 

• Vedangas – Six supplementary disciplines (Grammar, Phonetics, Astronomy, etc.). 
• Sutras – Practical guidelines (e.g., Dharma Sutras on law and ethics). 
• Dharmashastras – Laws and social norms, including caste rules. 
• Puranas – 18 mythological texts detailing historical and religious stories. 
• Arthashastra – Kautilya’s work on economics and politics. 
• Kamasutra – Guide on pleasure and relationships. 

Significance of Vedic Literature 

• Foundation of Hinduism – Defines rituals and beliefs. 
• Philosophical Influence – Inspired Buddhism and Jainism. 
• Cultural Impact – Shaped Indian society, language, and traditions. 
• Historical Record – Provides insights into ancient Indian civilization.