Why in News? 

Amid a major environmental crisis, Russian authorities have announced a federal-level emergency following a devastating oil spill along the Black Sea coastline. 

What is an Oil Spill? 

• An oil spill is the uncontrolled release of crude oil, gasoline, or other oil by-products into the environment, primarily affecting oceans. 

Major Causes 

• Result from intensified petroleum exploration, production, and transport. 
• Common causes include accidents involving tankers, pipelines, drilling rigs, and natural disasters. 

Environmental Impacts 

1. Threat to Indigenous Communities: Poses health risks for populations relying on seafood. 
2. Harm to Aquatic Life: Blocks sunlight and reduces oxygen levels in water. 
3. Hypothermia in Wildlife: Destroys insulating properties of feathers and fur, leading to death. 
4. Toxic Effects: Affects animals' reproduction and habitats. 
5. Damage to Mangroves: Oil spills harm saltwater marshes and mangroves. 

Remedies 

1. Bioremediation: Bacteria like Paraperlucidibaca and Cycloclasticus are used to clean oil spills. 
2. Containment Booms: Floating barriers prevent the spread of oil. 
3. Skimmers: Devices that separate oil from the water's surface. 
4. Sorbents: Materials like straw or plastic shavings absorb oil. 
5. Dispersing Agents: Chemicals break oil into droplets, speeding up natural dispersion.